Бесплатный автореферат и диссертация по географии на тему

Гидрогеохимическая и гидрогеологическая характеристика грунтовых вод юго-запада Корейского полуострова

ВАК РФ 11.00.01, Физическая география, геофизика и геохимия ландшафтов

Текст научной работыДиссертация по географии, кандидата географических наук, Ким Ен Ки, Санкт-Петербург

The Herzen State Pedagogical University

of Russia

KIM, YOUN-KI

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Hydrogeological and Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in the South-Western area of Korea

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A Doctor dissertation

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The Herzen State Pedagogical University

of Russia

KIM, YOUN-KI

Hydrogeological and Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in the South-Western area of Korea

Major

A Doctor dissertation

Academic advisers Professor Eugene M. Nesterov Professor Suck-Won Choi

CONTENTS

List of Figures.................................... ii

List of Tables..................................... ix

Chapter 1. The orientation and scope of study ...... 1

Chapter 2. Geology and geological structure ........ 3

2-1. Geology..................................... 3

2-1-1. Imsil area................................. 3

2-1-2. Younggwang area........................... 6

2-2. Geologic structure............................. 10

2-2-1. Imsil area 11

2-2-2. Younggwang area...........................14

Chapter 3. The hydrogeological characteristics .......

of aquifer ................................. 16

3-1. Drilling test 16

3-1-1. Imsil area................................. 17

3-1-2. Younggwang area...........................30

3-2. In-insu permeability test....................... 40

3-2-1. Imsil area 41 3-2-2. Younggwang area...........................60

3-3. Pumping test................................. 78

3-3-1. Imsil area 80

3-3-2. Younggwang area...........................88

Chapter 4. The hydrochemistry of groundwater ..... 96

4-1 Introduction \.................................96

4-1-1. Sampling Procedure......................... 96

4-1-2. Chemical Analyses......................... 97

4-2. Hydrochemistry of groundwater..................................98

4-2-1. Imsil area 101

4-2-2. Younggwang area............... ..........134

4-3. Stable isotope study....................................................160

Chapter 5. Evaluation of groundwater potential 168

5-1. Imsil area................................... 169

5-2. Younggwang area............................ 173

Chapter 6. Conclusion ...........................180

References....................................... 185

List of Figures

page

Fig. 1-1. Location map of study area .....................2

Fig. 2-1. Geologic map of the Imsil area...................4

Fig. 2-2. Geologic and lineament map of the Younggwang area • • 7

Fig. 2-3. Lineament map of the Imsil area..................12

Fig. 2-4. Rose diagrams showing the trends of lineament

in the Imsil area : (A) Granite area (B) Volcanic area

(C) Sedimentary area (D) Diorite area.................13

Fig. 2-5. Rose diagrams showing the trends of lineament

in the Younggwang area (A) Granite area (B) Volcanic area

(C) Sedimentary area (D) Gneiss area.................15

Fig. 3-1. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. ISK-2 in the Imsil area..................53

Fig. 3-2. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. ISK-3 in the Imsil area..................53

(

Fig/3-3. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. ISK-4 in the Imsil area..................54

Fig. 3-4. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. ISK-8 in the Imsil area...................54

Fig. 3-5. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. ISK-9 in the Imsil area...................55

Fig. 3-6. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. ISK-10 in the Imsil area..................55

Fig. 3-7. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. ISK-12 in the Imsil area..................56

Fig. 3-8. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. ISK-13 in the Imsil area..................56

Fig. 3-9. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. ISK-15 in the Imsil area..................57

Fig. 3-10. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. ISK-18 in the Imsil area..................57

Fig. 3-11. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. ISK-19 in the Imsil area..................58

Fig. 3-12. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. ISK-20 in the Imsil area..................58

Fig. 3-13. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. ISK-21 in the Imsil area..................59

Fig. 3-14. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. YGK-1 in the Younggwang area............72

Fig. 3-15. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. YGK-3 in the Younggwang area............72

Fig. 3-16. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. YGK-5 in the Younggwang area • • .........73

Fig. 3-17. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. YGK-6 in the Younggwang area............73

Fig. 3-18. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. YGK-7 in the Younggwang area............74

Fig. 3-19. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. YGK-12 in the Younggwang area...........74

Fig. 3-20. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. YGK-14 in the Younggwang area...........75

Fig. 3-21. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. YGK-16 in the Younggwang area...........75

Fig. 3-22. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. YGK-18 in the Younggwang area...........76

Fig. 3-23. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. YGK-19 in the Younggwang area...........76

Fig. 3-24. Variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth

at well No. YGK-20 in the Younggwang area...........77

Fig. 3-25. Analysis of data from pumping test by Theis method

at well No. ISK-1 in the Imsil area...................83

Fig. 3-26. Analysis of data from pumping test by Jacob method

at well No. ISK-1 in the Imsil area...................83

Fig. 3-27. Analysis of data from pumping test by Theis method

at well No. ISK-7 in the Imsil area...................84

Fig. 3-28. Analysis of data from pumping test by Jacob method

at well No. ISK-7 in the Imsil area...................84

Fig. 3-29. Analysis of data from pumping test by Theis method

at well No. ISK-9 in the Imsil area...................86

Fig. 3-30. Analysis of data from pumping test by Jacob method

at well No. ISK-9 in the Imsil area...................86

Fig. 3-31. Analysis of data from pumping test by Theis method

at well No. YGK-8 in the Younggwang area............87

Fig. 3-32. Analysis of data from pumping test by Jacob method

at well No. YGK-8 in the Younggwang area............87

Fig. 3-33. Analysis of data from pumping test by Theis method

at well No. BG-17 in the Younggwang area............91

Fig. 3-34. Analysis of data from pumping test by Jacob method

at well No. BG-17 in the Younggwang area............91

Fig. 3-35. Analysis of data from pumping test by Theis method

at well No. YGK-15 in the Younggwang area...........92

Fig. 3-36. Analysis of data from pumping test by Jacob method

at well No. YGK-15 in the Younggwang area...........92

Fig. 3-37. Analysis of data from pumping test by Theis method

at well No. YGK-17 in the Younggwang area...........95

Fig. 3-38. Analysis of data from pumping test by Jacob method

at well No. YGK-17 in the Younggwang area...........95

Fig. 4-1. Well location map of the Imsil area.................99

Fig. 4-2. Well location map of the Younggwang area..........100

Fig. 4-3 Mg, CI, SO4 and HCO3 concentrations vs. Na concentration

of surface water in the Imsil area....................104

Fig. 4-4 CI, Mg, SO4 and HCO3 concentrations vs. Ca concentration

of surface water in the Imsil area....................105

Fig. 4-5. The chemical composition of main components

of surface water by Schoeller graph in the Imsil area.....106

Fig. 4-6. Piper diagram for representing analysis of water quality

of surface water in the Imsil area....................106

Fig. 4-7. Mg, CI, SO4 and HCO3 contrations vs. Na contration

of groundwater of weathered zone in the Imsil area......107

Fig. 4-8. CI, Mg, SO4 and HCO3 contrations vs. Ca contration

of groundwater of weathered zone in the Imsil area......108

Fig. 4-9. Chemical composition of main components

of groundwater of the weathered zone by Schoeller graph

in Imsil area....................................109

Fig. 4-10. Piper diagram for representing analysis

of water quality of groundwater of weathered zone

in the Imsil area samples..........................109

Fig. 4-11. Mg, CI, SO4 and HCO3 contrations vs. Na contration

of groundwater of granite area in the Imsil area.........116

Fig. 4-12. CI, Mg, SO4 and HCO3 contrations vs. Ca contration

of groundwater of granite area in the Imsil area........117

Fig. 4-13. Chemical composition of main components

of groundwater of granite area by Schoeller graph

in the Imsil area.................................118

Fig. 4-14. Piper diagram for representing analysis of water quality

of groundwater of granite area in the Imsil area.........118

Fig. 4-15. Mg, CI, SO4 and HCO3 concentrations vs. Na concentration

of groundwater of volcanic area in the Imsil area........119

Fig. 4-16. CI, Mg, SO4 and HCO3 concentrations vs. Ca concentration

of groundwater of volcanic area in the Imsil area........120

Fig. 4-17. The chemical composition of main components of groundwater of volcanic area by Schoeller graph

in the Imsil area.................................121

Fig. 4-18. Piper diagram for representing analysis of water quality

of groundwater of volcanic area in the Imsil area........121

Fig. 4-19. Mg, CI, SO4 and HCO3 concentrations vs. Na concentration

of groundwater of sedimentary area in the Imsil area.....124

Fig. 4-20. CI, Mg, SO4 and HCO3 contrations vs. Ca contration

of groundwater of sedimentary area in the Imsil area.....125

Fig. 4-21. The chemical composition of main components

of groundwater of sedimentary area by Schoeller graph

in the Imsil area.................................126

Fig. 4-22. Piper diagram for representing analysis of water quality

of groundwater of sedimentary area in the Imsil area.....126

Fig. 4-23. Mg, CI, SO4 and HCO3 concentrations vs. Na concentration

of surface water in the Younggwang area.............128

Fig. 4-24. CI, Mg, SO4 and HCO3 concentrations vs. Ca concentration of surface water in Younggwang area................129

Fig. 4-25. Chemical composition of main components

of surface water by Schoeller graph in the Younggwang

area..........................................130

Fig. 4-26. Piper diagram for representing analysis of water quality

of surface water in the Younggwang area.............130

Fig. 4-27. Mg, CI, SO4 and HCO3 concentrations vs. Na concentration of groundwater of weathered zone in the Younggwang

area..........................................138

Fig. 4-28. CI, Mg, SO4 and HCO3 concentrations vs. Ca concentration of groundwater of weathered zone in Younggwang area • • ■ • 139 Fig. 4-29. The chemical composition of main components

of groundwater of weathered zone area by Schoeller graph

in the Younggwang...............................140

Fig. 4-30. Piper diagram for representing analysis of water quality of groundwater of weathered zone in the Younggwang

area...........................................140

Fig. 4-31. Mg, CI, SO4 and HCO3 concentrations vs. Na concentration of groundwater of granite area in the Younggwang area • • • 145 Fig. 4-32. CI, Mg, SO4 and HCO3 concentrations vs. Ca concentration

of groundwater of granite area in Younggwang area......146

Fig. 4-33. The chemical composition of main components of groundwater of granite area by Schoeller graph

in the Younggwang area...........................147

Fig. 4-34. Piper diagram for representing analysis of water quality

of groundwater of granite area in the Younggwang area • • • 147 Fig. 4-35. Mg, CI, SO4 and HCO3 concentrations vs. Na concentration of groundwater of volcanic area in the Younggwang area...........................................148

Fig. 4-36. CI, Mg, SO4 and HCO3 concentrations vs. Ca concentration

of groundwater of volcanic area in Younggwang area.....149

Fig. 4-37. The chemical composition of main components

of groundwater of volcanic area by Schoeller graph

in the Younggwang area...........................150

Fig. 4-38. Piper diagram for representing analysis of water quality

of groundwater of volcanic area in the Younggwang area • • 150

Fig. 4-39. Mg, CI, SO4 and HCO3 concentrations vs. Na concentration

of groundwater of gneiss area in the Younggwang area • • • 155

Fig. 4-40. CI, Mg, SO4 and HCO3 concentrations vs. Ca concentration

of groundwater of gneiss area in Younggwang area ......156

Fig. 4-41. The chemical composition of main components

of groundwater of gneiss area by Schoeller graph

in the Younggwang area...........................157

Fig. 4-42. Piper diagram for representing analysis of water quality

of groundwater of gneiss area in the Younggwang area • • • 157

18

Fig. 4-43. Frequencey Diagram for d D and <5 O of groundwater

and river water(Dotted line represents river water).......163

18

Fig. 4-44. <5D vs 8 O diagram showing isotopic compositions

in waters from the studied area.....................164

I Q

Fig. 4-45. <5100 vs CI diagram showing evaporation effect

of groundwater(filled circle) and surface water(open circle) • 167 Fig. 5-1. Distribution of specific yield capacity in the Imsil area

..................................................172

Fig. 5-2. Distribution of specific yield capacity

in the Younggwang area..........................178

List of Tables

Table 3-1. In-situ permeability test

at well No. ISK-2 in the Imsil area.................46

Table 3-2. In-situ permeability test

at well No. ISK-3 in the Imsil area.................47

Table 3-3. In-situ permeability test

at well No. ISK-4 in the Imsil area.................47

Table 3-4. In-situ permeability test

at well No. ISK-8 in the Imsil area.................48

Table 3-5. In-situ permeability test

at well No. ISK-9 in the Imsil area.................48

Table 3-6. In-situ permeability test

at well No. ISK-10 in the Imsil area................49

Table 3-7. In-situ permeability test

at well No. ISK-12 in the Imsil area................49

Table 3-8. In-situ permeability test

at well No. ISK-13 in the Imsil area................50

Table 3-9. In-situ permeability test

at well No. ISK-15 in the Imsil area................50

Table 3-10. In-situ permeability test

at well No. ISK-18 in the Imsil area................51

Table 3-11. In-situ permeability test

at well No. ISK-19 in the Imsil area................51

Table 3-12. In-situ permeability test

at well No. ISK-20 in the Imsil area................52

Table 3-13. In-situ permeability test

at well No. ISK-21 in the Imsil area................52

Table 3-14. In-situ permeability test

at well No. YGK-1 in the Younggwang area..........63

Table 3-15. In-situ permeability test

at well No. YGK-3 in the Younggwang area..........64

Table 3-16. In-situ permeability test

at well No. YGK-5 in the Younggwang area..........64

Table 3-17. In-situ permeability test

at well No. YGK-6 in the Younggwang area..........65

Table 3-18. In-situ permeability test

at well No. YGK-7 in the Younggwang area..........65

Table 3-19. In-situ permeability test

at well No. YGK-12 in the Younggwang area.........66

Table 3-20. In-situ permeability test

at well No. YGK-14 in the Younggwang area.........67

Table 3-21. In-situ permeability test

at well No. YGK-16 in the Younggwang area.........68

Table 3-22. In-situ permeability test

at well No. YGK-18 in the Younggwang area.........69

Table 3-23. In-situ permeability test

at well No. YGK-19 in the Younggwang area.........70

Table 3-24. In-situ permeability test

at well No. YGK-20 in the Younggwang area.........71

Table 3-25. Result of pumping test at well No. ISK-1

in the Imsil area................................82

Table 3-26. Result of pumping test at well No. ISK-7

in the Imsil area................................82

Table 3-27. Result of pumping test at well No. ISK-9

in the Imsil area................................85

Table 3-28. Result of pumping test at well No. YGK-8

in the Younggwang area.........................85

Table 3-29. Result of pumping test at well No. BG-17

in the Younggwang area.........................90

Table 3-30. Result of pumping test at well No. YGK-15

in the Younggwang area.........................90

Table 3-31. Result of pumping test at well No. YGK-17

in the Younggwang area.........................94

Table 4-1. Chemical analyses of surface water

in the Imsil area...............................102

Table 4-2. Chemical analyses of groundwater

of weathered zone in the Imsil area................102

Table 4-3. Chemical analyses of groundwater

of granite area in the the Imsil area...............114

Table 4-4. Chemical analyses of groundwater

of volcanic area in the Imsil area.............. •114

Table 4-5. Chemical analyses of groundwater

of sedimentary area in the Imsil area..............122

Table 4-6. Chemical analyses of groundwater

of surface water in the Younggwang area...........122

Table 4-7. Correlation coefficients of major elements

in the Imsil area : (A) surface water (B) groundwater of weathered zone (C) groundwater of granite area (D) groundwater of volcanic area (E)groundwater

of sedimentary area............................127

Table 4-8. Chemical analyses of groundwater

of weathered zone in the Younggwang area.........136

Table 4-9. Chemical analyses of groundwater

of granite area in the Younggwang area............143

Table 4-10. Chemical analyses of groundwater

of volcanic area in the Younggwang area...........143

Table 4-11. Chemical analyses of groundwater

of gneiss area in the Younggwang area............153

Table 4-12. Correlation coefficients of major elements in the Younggwang area : (A) surface water (B) groundwater of weathered zone (C) groundwater

of granite area (D) groundwater of volcanic area

(E) groundwater of gneiss area...................158

Table 4-13. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope values

of water samples...........................162

Table 4-14. Correlation coefficients of 8 lsO

and major compositions in water samples...........166

Table 5-1. Specific yield capacity in the Imsil area..........170

Table 5-2. Specific yield capacity in the Younggwang area • • • • 174

Chapter 1. The orientation and scope of study

The purpose of the study is to investigate hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater. For this study two areas were selected : Imsil and Younggwang.

Imsil area(Fig. 1-1) is located at Imsil gun in Chullabuk-do, and it has a eup and 11 myeons. The area is approximately 597km2 and coordinate is the longitude 127° 5' ~ 127° 26' 18" , north latitude 35° 27' 30" ~ 35° 46' 35" .

Younggwang area(Fig. 1-1) is located at Younggwang gun in Chullanam-do and it has 3 eups and 7 myeons. The area is approximately 460km2 and coordinate is the longitude 126° 20' ~ 126° 40' , North latitude 35° 10' ~ 35° 27' .

The topography of Imsil area mainly consists of mountains except small rice fields. The mountains with approximately 400 ~ 800m in height are irregular in direction, but those are related to the geology and geological structures in some areas.

As the Osu river developed lots of distributary meanders to the south, it flows to the Seomjin river.

In the eastern part of Osu-ri distributed by Namwon granites, there are low hills and fields because of weathering.

The topography of Younggwang area is characterized by the geology and geological structure. Concerning of geomorphology volcanic rock and metasedimentary areas formed of steep high topography, on the other hand gneisses and granites formed of low lands and rice fields.

As the rivers such as Guam, Watan and Bulgap river developed lots of distributary meander to the west, they flow to the west sea. Along these rivers large alluvial deposits and rice fields were

formed and especially the largest alluvial deposits and rice fields formed along the Bulgap river.

For mapping of surface geology and geological structures to define the lineaments related to groundwater resources, test boreholes to know where the aquifers are, insitu permeability test and pumping test were performed to calculate the hydraulic constants, water sampling for analysis of water quality in outdoor study and analysis of lineament by black and white aerial photograph, analysis of result of insitu permeability test and pumping test, and analysis of chemical analysis data were performed in the indoor study.

Fig. 1-1. Location map of study area

Chapter 2. Geology and geological structure

2-1. Geology

2-1-1. Imsil area

The geology of Imsil area consists of Precambrian gneises, unknown age metasedimentary rocks, Jurassic granites, Cretaceous volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks, diorite and dykes Quarternary alluvium(Fig.2~l).

The detailed geological formations exposed in the area are as follows:

Quarternary

Cretaceous

Jurassic

Unknown age

Precambrian

[

alluvium ~ unconformity — dykes diorite

- intrusion -

volcanic rocks

- intrusion & extrusive -

sedimentary rocks ~ unconformity — granites

schistose granite

- intrusion-

limestone schist quartzite ~ unconformity — gneiss

metasediments

Gneiss complex occupies Mt. Wontong located southeastern part of area as a basement and near sinan-ri regionally, and mainly consists of granite gneiss and schistose gneiss.

Granite gneiss located Mt. Wontong is intuded by Jurassic granite, cretaceous acidic dykes, and is overlain by Cretaceous sedimentary rocks and extrusive volcanic rocks as a uncoformity.

(2) Metasedimentary rock

Metasedimentary rock occupies Sungsu-myeon located south eastern part of study area as high lands, and shows long narrow belt from NNE to SSW direction devided foliated granite and biotite granite. Schist interbeded by limestone occupies around Imsil-eup located central part of the study area.

(3) Granites

Granites mainly consist of biotite and foliated granite. Biotite granite occupies south eastern part of the area and contain sparsely pinkish feldspars.

Foliated granite occupies southwestern part of the area and intrude metasedimentary rocks

(4) Sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks consist of shale and fine to coarse sandstone and occupy northeastern part of the area.

(5) Volcanic rocks

Volcanic rocks occupy southwestern part of the area and consist of rhyolite and tuff.

Volcanic rocks overlie, and intrude sedimentary rocks.

(6) Diorite and dykes

Diorite occupies Kwanchon-myeon located merthern part of the area and intrudes sedimentary rocks.

(7) Alluvium

The Quarternary alluvium consisted of sand, gravel and silt deposits along the river.

2-1-2. Younggwang area

The geology of Younggwang area consists of Precambrian gneises, unknown age metasedimentary rocks, Jurassic granites, Cretaceous volcanic rocks, diorites and dykes, and Quarternary alluvium(Fig. 2-2).

The detailed geological formations exposed in the area are as follows:

alluvium ~ unconformity ~ dykes diorite

- intrusion-

volcanic rocks

- intrusion & extrusive -

sedimentary rocks ~ unconformity ~ granites

schistose granite

- intrusion-

limestone

schist metasediments

quartzite ~ unconformity — gneiss

(1) Gneiss complex

Gneiss complex occupies Pubsung-myeon and Hongnong-eup located Northern part of area as a basement formed low land and rice fields, and mainly consists of granite gneiss, banded gneiss biotite gneiss and partly is interbeded by mica schist. In Mt. Chopo located near Pubsung-myeon weolsan-ri gneisses are intruded by large quartz dykes.

(2) Metasedimentary rocks

Metasedimentary rocks occupy Gunnam-myeon, Bulgab-myeon and Myoryang-myeon located southern part of study area as high lands, and are intrued by granites and partly are overlain by

Quarternary

Cretaceous

Jurassic

Unknown age

Precambrian

volcanic rocks. Metasedimentary rocks mainly consist of mica schist and partly are interbeded by quartz, limestone and quartz schist.

(3) Granites

Granites mainly consist of porphyritic biotite granite, biotite granite and granodiorite, and occupy southern part of the area largely. Porphyritic biotite granite contains coarse feldspars and coarse quartz.

Biotite granite occupied southern part of the area of Yumsan-myeon and Gunnam-myeon and in Bulgab-myeon is intruded by metasedimentary rocks.

Granodiorite intruded porphyritic biotite granite occupied Bulgab-myeon udoo-ri and yaweol-ri area. Granodiorite contains medium grained minerals and various colored minerals.

(4) Volcanic rocks

Volcanic rocks occupy northern part of the area located

Baeksu-eup and Hongnong-eup widely and southern part of

Bulgab-myeon in a small scale as formed steep and rough

topography. Volcanic rocks consist of rhyolite, rhyolitic tuff and volcanic breccia.

(5) Dykes

Dykes intruded sedimentary rocks consist of felsite and quartz porphyry and occupy Kwanchon-myeon located northern part of the

area.

Alluvium consisted of sand, gravel and silt deposits along the river.

2-2. Geologic structure

The black and white aerial photograph that is used to analyse lineaments is made on a map drawn on a scale 1:40,000, and stereoscope is used to analyze the black and white aerial photograph.

Fault line, fault cliff and boundary of geology are shown in a straight line

Interpretation of landsat image is to define the characteristic of geologic structure that controls around the study area.

The Landsat images, which covered the study area, are good for geological interpretation related to groundwater potention.

The lineament interpretation map shows very complicated lines which intersect each other, but these can be classified according to their trends and geological times related with the distributed rocks around them(Fig. 2-2 & 2-3).

The lineament interpretation analysed on the Rose diagram(Fig. 2-4 and Fig. 2-5) in the study area.

The result of lineament interpretations are as follows;

2-2-1. Imsil area(Fig. 2-3)

On the lineament interpretation map defined total 77 lineaments in granite area. As a result of the lineament interpretation on the Rose diagram shown in Fig. 2-4(A), the most predominant trend is the NE direction in numbers (>20%) and NNW direction is high frequency in numbers (>10%).

Many groundwater wells are developed on this direction in granite area and groundwater potential is very high.

On the lineament interpretation map defined total 41 lineaments in volcanics area. As a result of the lineament interpretation on the Rose diagram shown in Fig. 2-4(B), the most predominant trend is the NNW and NNE direction in numbers(>10%)

Many groundwater wells are developed on this direction in volcanic rocks area and potential of groundwater resources is high.

On the lineament interpretation map defined total 55 lineaments in sedimentary rocks area. Result of the lineament interpretation on the Rose diagram shown in Fig. 2-4(C), the most predominant trend is the NW direction in numbers (>10%)

Many groundwater wells has been developed on this direction in volcanics area but potential of groundwater resources is not high.

On the lineament interpretation map defined total 8 lineaments in diorite area. Result of the lineament interpretation on the Rose diagram shown in Fig. 2-4(D), the most predominant trend is the NW direction in numbers(>20%)

Many groundwater wells are not developed on this direction in diorite area and potential of groundwater resources is poor.

Fig. 2-4. Rose diagrams showing the trends of lineament

in the Imsil area : (A) Granite area (B) Volcanic area (C) Sedimentary area (D) Diorite area

Result of the lineament interpretation, groundwater resources are deeply related with lineament direction that is related with the state of potential of groundwater resources is NE and NNW trends in granite area, NNE and NNW trend in volcanic area, NW trend in sedimentary area

2-2-2. Younggwang area(Fig. 2-2)

On the lineament interpretation map defined total 78 lineaments in granite area. As a result of the lineament interpretation on the Rose diagram shown in Fig. 2-5(A), the most predominant trend is the NW direction in numbers (>15%)

Many groundwater wells are developed on this direction in granite area and potential of groundwater resources is very high.

On the lineament interpretation map defined total 25 lineaments in volcanic rocks area. As a result of the lineament interpretation on the Rose diagram shown in Fig. 2-4(B), the most predominant trend is the NNW and NNE direction in numbers(>10%)

Many groundwater wells are developed on this direction in volcanics area and potential of groundwater resources is high.

On the lineament interpretation map defined total 8 lineaments in sedimentary rocks area. Result of the lineament interpretation on the Rose diagram shown in Fig. 2-4(C), the most predominant trend is the NE direction in numbers (> 20%)

Many groundwater wells are developed on this direction in volcanics area and potential of groundwater resources is poor.

On the lineament interpretation map defined total 6 lineaments in gneiss area. Result of the lineament interpretation on the Rose diagram shown in Fig. 2-4(D), the most predominant trend is the

Fig. 2-5. Rose diagrams showing the trends of lineament

in the Younggwang area : (A) Granite area (B) Volcanic area (C) Sedimen